Method of making poly(arylene ether) compositions

ABSTRACT

A method of making a thermoplastic composition comprises melt mixing a concentrate comprising a first thermoplastic, a second thermoplastic and an additive with a component selected from the group consisting of a third thermoplastic, fire retardant additive, reinforcing agent, electrically conductive filler, non-electrically conductive filler and combinations of two or more of the foregoing.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/815,881, filed on Mar. 31, 2004, which is incorporated herein in itsentirety.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

This disclosure relates to methods of making poly(arylene ether)compositions. In particular, the disclosure relates to methods of makingpoly(arylene ether) compositions in an economical, efficient manner.

Poly(arylene ether) is a thermoplastic material that is widely used dueto a broad range of desirable properties. In some instances,particularly food related applications, there is a desire for a moreefficient manner of producing poly(arylene ether) compositions with alow level of volatile, odiferous compounds. Additionally, there is ageneral desire to produce poly(arylene ether) compositions in a moreefficient manner. Currently, poly(arylene ether) compositions aretypically produced in a batchwise manner, with the typical delaysassociated with a batch process.

Accordingly there is a need for a more efficient method of producingpoly(arylene ether) compositions, particularly poly(arylene ether)compositions having low levels of volatile, odiferous compounds.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The aforementioned need is met by a method of making a thermoplasticcomposition comprising melt-mixing a concentrate comprising a firstthermoplastic, a second thermoplastic and an additive with a componentselected from the group consisting of a third thermoplastic, fireretardant additive, reinforcing agent, electrically conductive filler,non-electrically conductive filler, impact modifier, and combinations oftwo or more of the foregoing.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A method of making a thermoplastic composition comprises continuouslymelt-mixing a concentrate comprising a first thermoplastic, a secondthermoplastic and an additive with a component selected from the groupconsisting of a third thermoplastic, fire retardant additive, conductivefiller, non-conductive filler, reinforcing agent, impact modifier andcombinations of two or more of the foregoing. The first thermoplastic isdifferent from the second thermoplastic, preferably differing inchemical structure not merely molecular weight. The third thermoplasticmay be the same as or different from the first or second thermoplastic.The concentrate may optionally comprise an impact modifier. When a thirdthermoplastic is present the composition may further comprise a blowingagent. Use of a concentrate permits the production of thermoplasticcompositions in a more efficient and economical manner with less waste.In one embodiment the first thermoplastic comprises poly(arylene ether)and the second thermoplastic and third thermoplastic are selected fromthe group consisting of poly(alkenyl aromatic) resin, polyamide,polyolefin and combinations of two or more of the foregoing.

As used herein a concentrate contains an amount of the firstthermoplastic and additive(s) that is higher than is found in the finalcomposition. The amount of the second thermoplastic may be higher, loweror the same as that found in the final composition.

The terms “first,” “second,” and the like, herein do not denote anyorder or importance, but rather are used to distinguish one element fromanother. The terms “a” and “an” herein do not denote a limitation ofquantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of thereferenced item.

In one embodiment the concentrate comprises a dry blend of the firstthermoplastic, second thermoplastic and an additive. The dry blend maybe stored until needed, shipped to a second location, or fed directly toan extruder. The term dry blend, as used herein, describes a blendproduced by mixing the components at a temperature below the melttemperature of the first and second thermoplastics. The additive(s) maybe in particulate or liquid form. The dry blend may be continuouslyadded to a melt-mixing device such as an extruder or kneader. Thecomponent melt mixed with the concentrate (referred to herein as theadditional component) may also be continuously added to the melt in anamount sufficient to obtain the desired properties in the finalcomposition. The additional component may be added with the dry blendconcentrate (at the feedthroat of an extruder) or sequentially(downstream in an extruder). Alternatively, the additional component maybe added initially (at the feedthroat) and the dry blend concentrateadded subsequently (downstream). In one embodiment the additionalcomponent comprises a third thermoplastic. If the composition comprisesmore than one additional component they may be added together orseparately. Changing the amount and/or identity of the additionalcomponent being added can simply and easily vary the makeup of theextruded composition. Thus differing grades of a material can beproduced without shutting down the production line. During the switch toproducing a different composition the produced material may be fed backto the melt-mixing device to prevent waste. The amount of material thatis fed back to the melt mixing device depends upon the design of thedevice (screw speed and screw design in the case of an extruder) and canbe readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.

In another embodiment the concentrate comprises a pelletized blend ofthe first thermoplastic, second thermoplastic and additive(s). Theconcentrate is melt mixed and pelletized. The pellets may then be storeduntil needed, shipped to a second location if necessary, and fed to amelt mixing device or fed directly to a second melt mixing device suchas an extruder or kneader. The pelletized blend may be fed continuouslyto the melt-mixing device. The additional component may also be addedcontinuously in an amount sufficient to obtain the desired properties inthe final composition. The additional component may be addedsimultaneously with the pelletized blend or the pelletized blend andadditional component may be added sequentially. When added sequentiallyeither the pelletized blend or the additional component may be addedfirst. In one embodiment the additional component comprises a thirdthermoplastic. If the composition comprises more than one additionalcomponent they may be added together or separately. Changing the amountand/or identity of the additional component being added can simply andeasily vary the makeup of the final composition. Thus differing gradesof a material can be produced without shutting down the production line.During the switch to producing a different composition the producedmaterial may be fed back to the melt-mixing device to prevent waste. Theamount of material that is fed back to the melt mixing device dependsupon the design of the melt mixing device (screw speed and screw designin the case of an extruder) and can be readily determined by one ofordinary skill in the art.

Alternatively, the pelletized concentrate, and additional component maybe dry blended, added to an injection molder and injection molded oradded to the injection molder directly without prior mixing andinjection molded.

When a pelletized concentrate is employed the resulting thermoplasticcomposition has a low odor level, particularly odors associated withbutyraldehyde, trimethylanisole and toluene. Butyraldehyde can bedetected by the human nose at a concentration as low as 9 billion partsby weight in water. Interestingly, butyraldehyde concentration typicallyincreases after the first compounding, particularly when compounded attemperatures greater than or equal to 300° C. A second compounding stepcan decrease the butyraldehyde concentration by about 50% or more. Adecrease in the butyraldehyde concentration is useful particularly inarticles to be used with food and beverages since smells can have asignificant impact on organoleptic properties. In compositions preparedusing the pelletized concentrate the butyraldehyde level is less than orequal to about 800 parts per million by weight, based on the totalweight of the poly(arylene ether). Within this range, the butyraldehydelevel may be less than or equal to about 500, or, more specifically,less than or equal to about 200 parts per million by weight.

The level of trimethylanisole may be less than or equal to about 30parts per million by weight, based on the total weight of thepoly(arylene ether). Within this range, the trimethylanisole level maybe less than or equal to about 5, or, more specifically, less than orequal to about 1 parts per million by weight.

The level of toluene may be less than or equal to about 100 parts permillion by weight, based on the total weight of the poly(arylene ether).Within this range, the toluene level may be less than or equal to about50, or, more specifically, less than or equal to about 20 parts permillion by weight.

In another embodiment, the components of the concentrate are directlyand continuously added to a melt mixing device and melt mixed. Theadditional component may also be added continuously to the melt mix inan amount sufficient to obtain the desired properties in the finalcomposition. The additional component may be added simultaneously (atthe same location as the concentrate components in an extruder) orsequentially (either upstream or downstream of the concentrate in anextruder). In one embodiment the additional component comprises a thirdthermoplastic. If the composition comprises more than one additionalcomponent the additional components may be added together or separately.Changing the amount and/or the identity of the additional componentbeing added can simply and easily vary the makeup of the extrudedcomposition. Thus differing grades of a material can be produced withoutshutting down the production line. During the switch to producing adifferent composition the produced material may be fed back to themelt-mixing device to prevent waste. The amount of material that is fedback to the melt mixing device depends upon the design of the device(screw speed and screw design in an extruder) and can be readilydetermined by one of ordinary skill in the art.

The term poly(arylene ether) includes polyphenylene ether (PPE) andpoly(arylene ether) copolymers; graft copolymers; poly(arylene ether)ether ionomers; block copolymers of alkenyl aromatic compounds, vinylaromatic compounds, and poly(arylene ether); and combinations comprisingat least one of the foregoing. Poly(arylene ether)s per se, are knownpolymers comprising a plurality of structural units of the formula (I):

wherein for each structural unit, each Q¹ is independently hydrogen,halogen, primary or secondary lower alkyl (e.g., alkyl containing up to7 carbon atoms), phenyl, haloalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydrocarbonoxy,halohydrocarbonoxy wherein at least two carbon atoms separate thehalogen and oxygen atoms, or the like; and each Q² is independentlyhydrogen, halogen, primary or secondary lower alkyl, phenyl, haloalkyl,hydrocarbonoxy, halohydrocarbonoxy wherein at least two carbon atomsseparate the halogen and oxygen atoms, or the like. In one embodiment,each Q¹ is alkyl or phenyl, especially C₁₋₄ alkyl, and each Q² ishydrogen.

Both homopolymer and copolymer poly(arylene ether) are included.Exemplary homopolymers include those containing 2,6-dimethylphenyleneether units. Suitable copolymers include random copolymers containing,for example, such units in combination with2,3,6-trimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether units or copolymers derived fromcopolymerization of 2,6-dimethylphenol with 2,3,6-trimethylphenol. Alsoincluded are poly(arylene ether) containing moieties prepared bygrafting vinyl monomers or polymers such as polystyrenes, as well ascoupled poly(arylene ether) in which coupling agents such as lowmolecular weight polycarbonates, quinones, heterocycles and formalsundergo reaction in known manner with the hydroxy groups of twopoly(arylene ether) chains to produce a higher molecular weight polymer.Poly(arylene ether)s further include combinations comprising at leastone of the above.

The poly(arylene ether) generally has a number average molecular weightof about 3,000-40,000 atomic mass units (amu) and a weight averagemolecular weight of about 20,000-80,000 amu, as determined by gelpermeation chromatography. The poly(arylene ether) may have an intrinsicviscosity of about 0.10 to about 0.60 deciliters per gram (dl/g), or,more specifically, about 0.29 to about 0.48 dl/g, as measured inchloroform at 25° C. It is also possible to utilize a high intrinsicviscosity poly(arylene ether) and a low intrinsic viscosity poly(aryleneether) in combination. Determining an exact ratio, when two intrinsicviscosities are used, will depend somewhat on the exact intrinsicviscosities of the poly(arylene ether) used and the ultimate physicalproperties that are desired.

Poly(arylene ether) is typically prepared by the oxidative coupling ofat least one monohydroxyaromatic compound such as 2,6-xylenol or2,3,6-trimethylphenol. Catalyst systems are generally employed for suchcoupling; they typically contain at least one heavy metal compound suchas a copper, manganese or cobalt compound, usually in combination withvarious other materials.

Particularly useful poly(arylene ether) for many purposes are thosewhich comprise molecules having at least one aminoalkyl-containing endgroup. The aminoalkyl radical is typically located in an ortho positionto the hydroxy group. Products containing such end groups may beobtained by incorporating an appropriate primary or secondary monoaminesuch as di-n-butylamine or dimethylamine as one of the constituents ofthe oxidative coupling reaction mixture. Also frequently present are4-hydroxybiphenyl end groups, typically obtained from reaction mixturesin which a by-product diphenoquinone is present, especially in acopper-halide-secondary or tertiary amine system. A substantialproportion of the polymer molecules, typically constituting as much asabout 90% by weight of the polymer, may contain at least oneaminoalkyl-containing and/or 4-hydroxybiphenyl end groups.

Based upon the foregoing, it will be apparent to those skilled in theart that the contemplated poly(arylene ether) resin may include many ofthose poly(arylene ether) resins presently known, irrespective ofvariations in structural units or ancillary chemical features.

The poly(arylene ether) is present in the concentrate in an amount ofabout 50 to about 99 weight percent based on the total weight of theconcentrate. Within this range the poly(arylene ether) may be present inan amount greater than or equal to about 50, or, more specifically,preferably greater than or equal to about 60, or, even morespecifically, and more preferably greater than or equal to about 80weight percent. Also within this range the poly(arylene ether) may bepresent in an amount less than or equal to about 95, or morespecifically, less than or equal to about 90 weight percent.

The term “poly(alkenyl aromatic) resin” as used herein includes polymersprepared by methods known in the art including bulk, suspension, andemulsion polymerization, which contain at least 25% by weight ofstructural units derived from an alkenyl aromatic monomer of the formula

wherein W¹ is hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, or halogen; Z¹ is vinyl, halogen orC₁-C₈ alkyl; and p is 0 to 5. Exemplary alkenyl aromatic monomersinclude styrene, chlorostyrene, and vinyltoluene. The poly(alkenylaromatic) resins include homopolymers of an alkenyl aromatic monomer;random copolymers of an alkenyl aromatic monomer, such as styrene, withone or more different monomers such as acrylonitrile, butadiene,alpha-methylstyrene, ethylvinylbenzene, divinylbenzene and maleicanhydride; and rubber-modified poly(alkenyl aromatic) resins comprisingblends and/or grafts of a rubber modifier and a homopolymer of analkenyl aromatic monomer (as described above), wherein the rubbermodifier may be a polymerization product of at least one C₄-C₁₀nonaromatic diene monomer, such as butadiene or isoprene, and whereinthe rubber-modified poly(alkenyl aromatic) resin comprises about 98 toabout 70 weight percent of the homopolymer of an alkenyl aromaticmonomer and about 2 to about 30 weight percent of the rubber modifier,or more specifically, about 88 to about 94 weight percent of thehomopolymer of an alkenyl aromatic monomer and about 6 to about 12weight percent of the rubber modifier wherein the weight percents arebased on the total weight of the rubber-modified poly(alkenyl aromatic)resin.

The stereoregularity of the poly(alkenyl aromatic) resin may be atacticor syndiotactic. Highly preferred poly(alkenyl aromatic) resins includeatactic and syndiotactic homopolystyrenes. Suitable atactichomopolystyrenes are commercially available as, for example, EB3300 fromChevron, and P1800 from BASF. Suitable syndiotactic homopolystyrenes arecommercially available from Dow Chemical Company and from Idemitsu KosanCompany, Ltd. Highly preferred poly(alkenyl aromatic) resins furtherinclude the rubber-modified polystyrenes, also known as high-impactpolystyrenes or HIPS, comprising about 88 to about 94 weight percentpolystyrene and about 6 to about 12 weight percent polybutadiene. Theserubber-modified polystyrenes are commercially available as, for example,GEH 1897 from General Electric Plastics, and BA 5350 from Chevron.

The concentrate may comprise the poly(alkenyl aromatic) resin in anamount of about 3 to about 50 weight percent based on the total weightof the concentrate. Within this range the poly(alkenyl aromatic) resinmay be present in an amount greater than or equal to about 5, or, morespecifically, greater than or equal to about 10, or even morespecifically, greater than or equal to about 15 weight percent. Alsowithin this range the poly(alkenyl aromatic) resin may be present in anamount less than or equal to about 50, or, more specifically, less thanor equal to about 40, or, even more specifically less than or equal toabout 25 weight percent.

Polyamide resins are a generic family of resins known as nylons,characterized by the presence of an amide group (—C(O)NH—). Nylon-6 andnylon-6,6 are the generally preferred polyamides and are available froma variety of commercial sources. Other polyamides, however, such asnylon-4,6, nylon-12, nylon-6,10, nylon 6,9, nylon 6/6T and nylon 6,6/6Twith triamine contents below about 0.5 weight percent, as well asothers, such as the amorphous nylons may be useful for particularPPO-polyamide applications. Mixtures of various polyamides. as well asvarious polyamide copolymers, are also useful. The most preferredpolyamide is polyamide-6,6.

The polyamides can be obtained by a number of well known processes suchas those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,071,250; 2,071,251; 2,130,523;2,130,948; 2,241,322; 2,312,966; and 2,512,606. Nylon-6, for example, isa polymerization product of caprolactam. Nylon-6,6 is a condensationproduct of adipic acid and 1,6-diaminohexane. Likewise, nylon 4,6 is acondensation product between adipic acid and 1,4-diaminobutane. Besidesadipic acid, other useful diacids for the preparation of nylons includeazelaic acid, sebacic acid, dodecane diacid, as well as terephthalic andisophthalic acids, and the like. Other useful diamines include m-xylyenediamine, di-(4-aminophenyl)methane, di-(4-aminocyclohexyl)methane;2,2-di-(4-aminophenyl)propane, 2,2-di-(4-aminocyclohexyl)propane, amongothers. Copolymers of caprolactam with diacids and diamines are alsouseful.

Polyamides having viscosity of up to about 400 ml/g can be used, or,more specifically, having a viscosity of about 90 to about 350 ml/g, or,even more specifically, about 110 to about 240 ml/g, as measured in a0.5 wt % solution in 96 wt % sulphuric acid in accordance with ISO 307.

The concentrate may comprise polyamide in an amount of about 5 to about50 weight percent, based on the total weight of the concentrate. Withinthis range polyamide may be present in an amount greater than or equalto about 7, or, more specifically, greater than or equal to about 10,or, even more specifically, greater than or equal to about 15 weightpercent. Also within this range polyamide may be present in an amountless than or equal to about 45, or more specifically, less than or equalto about 35, or even more specifically, less than or equal to about 25weight percent.

In compositions comprising poly(arylene ether) and polyamide acompatibilizing agent may be present, preferably in the concentrate, toimprove the physical properties of the polyphenylene ether-polyamideresin blend, as well as to enable the use of a greater proportion of thepolyamide component. When used herein, the expression “compatibilizingagent” refers to those polyfunctional compounds which interact with thepolyphenylene ether, the polyamide, or, preferably, both. Thisinteraction may be chemical (e.g. grafting) or physical (e.g. affectingthe surface characteristics of the dispersed phases). In either case theresulting polyphenylene ether-polyamide composition appears to exhibitimproved compatibility, particularly as evidenced by enhanced impactstrength, mold knit line strength and/or elongation. As used herein, theexpression “compatibilized polyphenylene ether-polyamide base resin”refers to those compositions which have been physically or chemicallycompatibilized with an agent as discussed above, as well as thosecompositions which are physically compatible without such agents, astaught, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,379,792.

Suitable compatibilizing agents include, for example, liquid dienepolymers, epoxy compounds, oxidized polyolefin wax, quinones,organosilane compounds, polyfunctional compounds, and functionalizedpolyphenylene ethers obtained by reacting one or more of the previouslymentioned compatibilizing agents with polyphenylene ether. Use ofcompatibilizing agent is well known and readily determinable by one ofordinary skill in the art. In one embodiment the compatibilizing agentcomprise citric acid, maleic anhydride or a combination thereof.

Polyolefins have the general structure: C₂H_(2n) and includepolyethylene, polypropylene and polyisobutylene with preferredhomopolymers being polyethylene, LLDPE (linear low densitypolyethylene), HDPE (high density polyethylene) and MDPE (medium densitypolyethylene) and isotatic polypropylene. Polyolefin resins of thisgeneral structure and methods for their preparation are well known inthe art and are described for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,933,480,3,093,621, 3,211,709, 3,646,168, 3,790,519, 3,884,993, 3,894,999,4,059,654, 4,166,055 and 4,584,334.

Copolymers of polyolefins may also be used such as copolymers ofethylene and alpha olefins like propylene, 4-methylpentene-1 and octene.Copolymers of ethylene and C₃-C₁₀ monoolefins and non-conjugated dienes,herein referred to as EPDM copolymers, are also suitable. Examples ofsuitable C₃-C₁₀ monoolefins for EPDM copolymers include propylene,1-butene, 2-butene, 1-pentene, 2-pentene, 1-hexene, 2-hexene and3-hexene. Suitable dienes include 1,4 hexadiene and monocylic andpolycyclic dienes. Mole ratios of ethylene to other C₃-C₁₀ monoolefinmonomers can range from 95:5 to 5:95 with diene units being present inthe amount of from 0.1 to 10 mol %. EPDM copolymers can befunctionalized with an acyl group or electrophilic group for graftingonto the polyphenylene ether as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,258,455.

The concentrate may comprise polyolefin in an amount of about 5 to about80 weight percent, based on the total weight of the concentrate. Withinthis range polyolefin may be present in an amount greater than or equalto about 5, or, more specifically, greater than or equal to about 30,or, even more specifically, greater than or equal to about 50 weightpercent. Also within this range polyolefin may be present in an amountless than or equal to about 80, or, more specifically, less than orequal to about 70, or, even more specifically less than or equal toabout 60 weight percent.

The concentrate comprises one or more additives including, but notlimited to, coupling agents, antioxidants, mold release agents, UVabsorbers, light stabilizers, lubricants, plasticizers, pigments, fireretardants, dyes, colorants, anti-static agents, nucleating agentsanti-drip agents, acid scavengers, and combinations of two or more ofthe foregoing.

The concentrate may comprise an additive or combination of additives inan amount of about 1 to about 25 weight percent based on the totalweight of the concentrate. Within this range the combination ofadditives may be present in an amount greater than or equal to about 2,or, more specifically, greater than or equal to about 5, or even morespecifically greater than or equal to about 10. Also within this rangethe combination of additives may be present in an amount less than orequal to about 23, or, more specifically, less than or equal to about 20or, even more specifically, less than or equal to about 15 weightpercent.

The concentrate may optionally contain an impact modifier. Impactmodifiers include olefin-containing copolymers such as olefin acrylatesand olefin diene terpolymers. An example of an olefin acrylate copolymerimpact modifier is ethylene ethylacrylate copolymer available from UnionCarbide as DPD-6169. Other higher olefin monomers can be employed ascopolymers with alkyl acrylates, for example, propylene and n-butylacrylate. Olefin diene terpolymers known in the art and generally fallinto the EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer) family of terpolymers.They are commercially available such as, for example, EPSYN 704 fromCopolymer Rubber Company. In some embodiments one EPDM polymer may beemployed as the polyolefin component and a separate EPDM polymeremployed as an impact modifer.

Various rubber polymers and copolymers can also be employed as impactmodifiers. Examples of such rubber polymers are polybutadiene,polyisoprene, and various other polymers or copolymers having a rubberydienic monomer, for example random copolymers of styrene and butadiene(SBR).

Other suitable thermoplastic impact modifiers are block copolymers, forexample, A-B diblock copolymers and A-B-A triblock copolymers having ofone or two alkenyl aromatic blocks A, which are typically styreneblocks, and a rubber block, B, which is typically an isoprene orbutadiene block. The butadiene block may be partially hydrogenated.Mixtures of these diblock and triblock copolymers are especially useful.

Suitable A-B and A-B-A copolymers include but are not limited topolystyrene-polybutadiene, polystyrene-poly(ethylene-propylene),polystyrene-polyisoprene, poly(α-methylstyrene)-polybutadiene,polystyrene-polybutadiene-polystyrene (SBS),polystyrene-poly(ethylene-propylene)-polystyrene,polystyrene-poly(ethylene-butylene)-polystyrene,polystyrene-polyisoprene-polystyrene andpoly(alpha-methylstyrene)-polybutadiene-poly(alpha-methylstyrene), aswell as the selectively hydrogenated versions thereof, and the like.Mixtures of the aforementioned block copolymers are also useful.Styrene-containing polymers can also be used as impact modifiers.

Other copolymers containing vinyl aromatic compounds, for examplestyrene, para-methyl styrene, or alpha methyl styrene and vinylcyanides, for example acrylonitrile or methacyrlonitrile, may also beuseful as impact modifiers. One example is styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN),comprising 15 to 30 percent by weight acrylonitrile (AN) with theremainder styrene. The SAN may be further modified by grafting to arubbery substrate such as a 1,4-polybutadiene to produce a rubber graftpolymer, e.g., acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), andmethacrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (MBS). High rubber content (greaterthan about 50 wt. %) resins of this type (e.g., HRG-ABS) may beespecially useful.

These types of polymers are often available as core-shell polymers. Thecore usually consists substantially of an acrylate rubber or a butadienerubber, wherein one or more shells have been grafted on the core.Usually these shells are built up from a vinylaromatic compound, avinylcyanide, an alkyl acrylate or methacrylate, acrylic acid,methacrylic acid, or a combination of the foregoing. The core and/or theshell(s) often comprise multi-functional compounds that may act as across-linking agent and/or as a grafting agent. These polymers areusually prepared in several stages.

Other known impact modifiers include various elastomeric materials suchas organic silicone rubbers, elastomeric fluorohydrocarbons, elastomericpolyesters, random block polysiloxane-polycarbonate copolymers, and thelike. Preferred organopolysiloxane-polycarbonate block copolymers arethe dimethylsiloxane-polycarbonate block copolymers.

The concentrate may comprise the optional impact modifier in an amountof about 1 to about 10 weight percent based on the total weight of theconcentrate. Within this range impact modifier may be present in anamount greater than or equal to about 2, or, more specifically, greaterthan or equal to about 3 weight percent. Also within this range impactmodifier may be present in an amount less than or equal to about 9, or,more specifically, less than or equal to about 8, or, even morespecifically, less than or equal to about 5 weight percent.

Impact modifier may also be added to the concentrate to form thecomposition, either as the third thermoplastic or in addition to thethird thermoplastic. The amounts of impact modifier added to theconcentrate will depend upon the type of impact modifier and the desiredproperties of the final composition.

As mentioned above, reinforcing agent, electrically conductive filler,non-electrically conductive filler, reinforcing agent flame retardant, athird thermoplastic or a combination of the foregoing may be added tothe concentrate.

Reinforcing agents may be defined as particulate materials that increasestrength or improve another mechanical property. Reinforcing agentsinclude materials such as, for example, silicates, fibers, glass fibers(including continuous and chopped fibers), carbon fibers, carbonnanotubes, graphite, mica, clay, talc, aramid fibers and combinations oftwo or more of the foregoing.

Electrically conductive fillers include, but are not limited to, metalflake, metal powder and conductive carbon black. Some materials, such ascarbon nanotubes and metal fiber can function as both a reinforcingagent and a conductive filler.

Non-electrically conductive fillers include, but are not limited to,metal oxides such as titanium dioxide, non-conductive carbon black,calcium carbonate, or talc. Non electrically conductive fillers aretypically used to change the color, density or other non-mechanicalproperty of the composition.

Flame retardants include a range of materials including organicphosphate flame retardants. An organic phosphate flame retardant isphosphate compound of the formula (I):

where R is the same or different and is alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkylsubstituted aryl, halogen substituted aryl, aryl substituted alkyl,halogen, or a combination of any of the foregoing. In one embodiment atleast one R is aryl.

Examples include phenyl bisdodecyl phosphate, phenylbisneopentylphosphate, phenyl-bis (3,5,5′-tri-methyl-hexyl phosphate), ethyldiphenylphosphate, 2-ethyl-hexyldi(p-tolyl)phosphate, bis-(2-ethylhexyl)p-tolylphosphate, tritolyl phosphate, bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phenylphosphate, tri-(nonylphenyl) phosphate, di-(dodecyl) p-tolyl phosphate,tricresyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, dibutylphenyl phosphate,2-chloroethyldiphenyl phosphate, p-tolyl bis(2,5,5′-trimethylhexyl)phosphate, 2-ethylhexyldiphenyl phosphate, and the like. In anotherembodiment each R is aryl.

Alternatively, the organic phosphate can be a di- or polyfunctionalcompound or polymer having the formula

including mixtures thereof, in which R¹, R³ and R⁵ are, independently,hydrocarbon; R², R⁴, R⁶ and R⁷ are, independently, hydrocarbon orhydrocarbonoxy; X¹, X² and X³ are halogen; m and r are 0 or integersfrom 1 to 4, and n and p are from 1 to 30.

Examples include the bis diphenyl phosphates of resorcinol, hydroquinoneand bisphenol-A, respectively, or their polymeric counterparts.

Methods for the preparation of the aforementioned di- and polyfunctionalaromatic phosphates are described in British Patent No. 2,043,083.

Another development is the use of certain cyclic phosphates, forexample, diphenyl pentaerythritol diphosphate, as a flame retardantagent for poly(arylene ether) resins, as is described by Axelrod in U.S.Pat. No. 4,254,775.

Also suitable as flame-retardant additives are compounds containingphosphorus-nitrogen bonds, such as phosphonitrilic chloride, phosphorusester amides, phosphoric acid amides, phosphonic acid amides, phosphinicacid amides, tris(aziridinyl) phosphine oxide, ortetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride. These flame-retardantadditives are commercially available.

In one embodiment the phosphate flame retardants include those basedupon resorcinol such as, for example, resorcinol tetraphenyldiphosphate, those based upon bis-phenols such as, for example,bis-phenol A tetraphenyl diphosphate and triphenyl phosphates which maybe substituted or unsubstituted. The flame retardant may also comprise acombination of two or more of the foregoing.

In the final composition, the flame retardant, when employed, is presentin at least the minimum amount necessary to impart a degree of flameretardancy to the composition to pass the UL-94 protocol at a rating ofV-0, V-1, or V-2 depending on the specific application requirements. Theparticular amount will vary, depending on the molecular weight of theorganic phosphate, the amount of the flammable resin present andpossibly other normally flammable ingredients which might also beincluded in the composition. The organic phosphate flame retardants aregenerally present in compositions in amounts of about 2 to about 35weight percent, or, more specifically, about 5 to about 30 weightpercent, ore even more specifically, about 10 to about 25 weight percentbased on the total weight of the composition.

In some embodiments it is desirable for the final composition to have aheat deflection temperature (HDT) of about 70° C. to about 130° C. asdetermined at 1.8 mega Pascals (MPa) by ASTM D648. The concentrate mayhave an HDT significantly higher than the HDT of the final composition.

The method is further illustrated by the following non-limitingexamples.

EXAMPLES

The materials employed in the following examples are listed in Table 1.

TABLE 1 COMPONENT DESCRIPTION/SUPPLIER PPO Poly(arylene ether) having anintrinsic viscosity of 0.40 dl/g as measured in chloroform at 25° C. ZnSZinc sulfide TSAN Polytetrafluoroethylene encapsulated in styrene-acrylonitrile resin at a weight ratio of 1:1. TDP Triisodecyl phosphiteMgO Magnesium oxide PE Polyethylene SBS Styrene-butadiene-styrene blockcopolymer HIPS Rubber modified polystyrene RDP Resorcinol diphosphateBPADP Bisphenol A diphosphate

Example 1

A concentrate as shown in Table 1 was melt mixed and pelletized. Amountsshown in Table 2 are in weight percent, based on the total weight of theconcentrate. The concentrate was used in later examples.

TABLE 2 COMPONENT AMOUNT PPO 74.7 ZnS 0.15 TSAN 0.19 TDP 0.65 MgO 0.15PE 2.1 SBS 3.3 HIPS 18.7

Examples 2-4

The concentrate from Example 1 was melt mixed with additional rubbermodified polystyrene as shown in Table 3. The amount of rubber modifiedpolystyrene is the amount of additional rubber modified polystyrene inweight percent based on the total weight of the composition. Thecompositions were molded and tested. The concentrate itself was moldedand tested for comparison.

TABLE 3 2 3 4 HIPS 0 25 50 Tensile yield strength¹ 70 64 55 Tensileelongation¹ 21.4 21.0 23.7 Flexural modulus² 2,540 2,490 2,450 Flexuralyield strength² 108 98 85 Notched Izod³ 125 167 230 HDT⁴ 153 136 119¹Determined according to ASTM D638. Yield strength is in MPa. Elongationis in percent. ²Determined according to ASTM D790. Results are in MPa.³Determined according to ASTM D256. Results are in joules per meter(J/m). ⁴Determined according to ASTM D648 at 1.8 MPa and 0.64centimeters (cm). Results are in ° C.

Examples 2-4 show that performance varies in a substantially linearfashion based on the amount of additional rubber modified polystyrene.

Examples 5-16

The concentrate from Example 1 was melt mixed with additional rubbermodified polystyrene and RDP as shown in Table 4. The added amount ofRDP and rubber modified polystyrene are in weight percent based on thetotal weight of the composition. The compositions were molded andtested.

Flammability results are reported as “probability of first time pass” orp (FTP). Twenty bars were burned by the UL 94 method and the average andstandard deviation of the flame out times was used to calculate theprobability that in the standard test of five bars the sample would havereceived a V-0 rating (p(FTP) V0) or a V-1 rating (p(FTP)V1). A 90% orgreater probability of passing the first time (i.e., p(FTP) of 0.9 orgreater) is considered acceptable performance. Values significantlylower than 0.9 are considered unacceptable. p(FTP) is calculated onlyfor samples that do not fail by dripping. Flammability results wereobtained for bars with thickness of 1.5 mm.

TABLE 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 HIPS 25 18.75 0 12.5 12.5 0 0 25 6.2525 Concentrate 57.5 69.5 82.5 81.5 70 88.25 94 69 82 63.25 RDP 17.511.75 17.5 6 17.5 11.75 6 6 11.75 11.75 p(FTP) V0 0.98 0.326 1.00 00.986 0.627 0 0 0 0.397 p(FTP) V1 1.00 .999 1.00 0.815 1.00 1.00 0.8770.914 0.805 0.998 Specific 1.12 1.11 1.14 1.10 1.13 1.12 1.10 1.10 1.121.11 gravity Tensile yield 58 63 68 67 63 70 73 60 68 60 strength¹Tensile 16.2 19.5 15.7 18.3 18.2 19.4 15.3 24.6 18.2 21.4 elongation¹Flexural 2550 2590 2570 2560 2470 2490 2540 2570 2490 2540 modulus²Flexural yield 86 96 104 101 94 106 109 92 101 91 strength² Notched 103120 107 145 111 105 111 143 113 136 Izod³ Heat 82 98 95 123 88 12 130114 109 95 deflection temperature⁴ ¹Determined according to ASTM D638.Yield strength is in MPa. Elongation is in percent. ²Determinedaccording to ASTM D790. Results are in MPa. ³Determined according toASTM D256. Results are in J/m. ⁴Determined according to ASTM D648 at 1.8MPa and 0.64 cm. Results are in ° C.

As can be seen by Examples 5-14 a range of compositions with a range ofphysical properties can be made using a single concentrate.

Examples 15-24

The concentrate from Example 1 was melt mixed with additional rubbermodified polystyrene and BPADP as shown in Table 5. The added amount ofRDP and rubber modified polystyrene is in weight percent based on thetotal weight of the composition. The compositions were molded andtested. Flame retardance was determined as in Examples 5-14.

TABLE 5 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 HIPS 25 18.75 0 12.5 12.5 0 0 256.25 25 Concentrate 57.5 69.5 82.5 81.5 70 88.25 94 69 82 63.25 BPADP17.5 11.75 17.5 6 17.5 11.75 6 6 11.75 11.75 p(FTP) V0 0.692 0.583 1.0000 0.938 0.104 0 0 0.005 0.016 p(FTP) V1 0.996 1.000 1.000 0.471 1.000.986 0.714 0.283 0.970 0.912 Specific 1.11 1.11 1.28 1.09 1.12 1.111.10 1.09 1.11 1.11 gravity Tensile yield 62 66 73 67 69 73 73 61 69 68strength¹ Tensile 18.18 16.19 12.34 1.76 14.05 13.21 14.82 23.52 12.6816.44 elongation¹ Flexural 2680 2690 2780 2510 2760 2630 2590 2450 25802650 modulus² Flexural yield 87 101 113 103 103 110 112 95 107 97strength² Notched 125 132 113 139 114 117 129 163 127 160 Izod³ Heat 84101 99 125 94 117 135 119 114 101 deflection temperature⁴ ¹Determinedaccording to ASTM D 638. Yield strength is in MPa. Elongation is inpercent. ²Determined according to ASTM D 790. Results are in MPa.³Determined according to ASTM D256. Results are in J/m. ⁴Determinedaccording to ASTM D648 at 1.8 MPa and 0.64 cm. Results are in ° C.

Similar to Examples 5-14, Examples 15-24 show that a range ofcompositions with a range of physical properties can be made using asingle concentrate regardless of the choice of flame retardant.

Example 25

A sample of 0.40 IV polyphenylene ether powder with a butyraldehydelevel of 114 parts per million by weight was extruded on a 53 millimeter(mm) twin screw extruder at a rate of 50 kilograms per hour (kg/hr), ascrew speed of 310 rotations per minute (rpm), and a barrel temperatureof 290° C. The extruder used 2 separate water injection zones eachfollowed by a vacuum vent. Water was injected at a rate of 1.5 kg/hrinto each zone with a vacuum vent pressure of 950 millibar of vacuum.The extruded product was pelletized and a portion was re-extruded underthe same conditions. This process was repeated 2 more times. The levelof butyraldehyde and other volatiles in the samples is shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Butyraldehyde Trimethylanisole Sample in ppm in ppm Toluene inppm Powder feed 114 26 187 1^(st) extrusion pellets 134 1.1 26 2^(nd)extrusion pellets 49 0.2 0 3^(rd) extrusion pellets 25 0 0 4^(th)extrusion pellets 14 0 0

As seen in Table 6, although the level of trimethylanisole and toluenedecreased after the first extrusion with water injection, the level ofbutyraldehyde was not reduced until after 2 extrusion steps.

Example 26

A sample of 0.40 IV polyphenylene ether powder with a butyraldehydelevel of 48 parts per million was extruded on a 30 mm twin screwextruder at a rate of 13.6 kg/hr, a screw speed of 300 rpm, and a barreltemperature of 315° C. The extruder used a single vacuum vent operatedat 600 millibar of vacuum. The extruded product was pelletized and aportion was re-extruded under the same conditions. This process wasrepeated 2 more times. An additional powder sample was extruded onceunder the conditions described above except that the feed rate was 6.8kg/hr to double the residence time in the extruder. The level ofbutyraldehyde and other volatiles in the samples is shown in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Butyraldehyde in Trimethylanisole in Sample ppm ppm powder feed48 1.02 1^(st) extrusion pellets 746 1.48 2^(nd) extrusion pellets 4900.88 3^(rd) extrusion pellets 235 0.44 4^(th) extrusion pellets 129 0.261^(st) extrusion, double 663 1.2 residence time

This example again shows that the level of butyraldehyde rises sharplyafter a single extrusion but begins to drop after multiple passesthrough the extruder. This example also shows that making the residencetime of the first extrusion pass equal to the residence time of twopasses is not as effective as two individual extrusions.

Examples 27-34

Samples of a blend of 90 weight percent 0.40 IV polyphenylene ether and10 weight percent crystal clear polystyrene were extruded on a 28 mmtwin screw extruder at a screw speed of 300 rpm, a barrel temperature of310° C., and rates of 3.0, 7.5, and 12.0 kg/hr. The extruder used anatmospheric vent plus a single vacuum vent operated at 800 millibar ofvacuum. The extruded samples were pelletized and re-extruded withadditional crystal clear polystyrene, SEBS rubber, glass fibers, andother additives to give a final composition of 34 weight percentpolyphenylene ether, 35.5 weight percent polystyrene, 5.5 weight percentrubber, 10 weight percent glass fibers, and 15 weight percent otheradditives. Additional samples with the same formulation were extrudedusing polyphenylene ether powder instead of the extruded pellets. Theseglass filled samples were extruded on a 28 mm twin screw extruder at arate of 15 kg/hr, a screw speed of 300 rpm, and a barrel temperature of290° C. The extruder used an atmospheric vent plus a single vacuum ventoperated at 800 millibar of vacuum. Water was injected into the meltbefore the vacuum vent at a rate of 0.225 kg/hr to reduce the level ofvolatile components in the mixture.

The pelletized samples were injection molded into 10 centimeter dics,which were then examined by a panel of trained odor evaluators who gaveeach sample a score proportional to the intensity of the odor; scorescan vary between 1 (no odor) and 6 (unbearable). The sample scores areshown in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Sample Odor Number PPO Source for Sample Score 27 pre-extrudedwith 10% polystyrene at 12.0 kg/hr 3.3 28 pre-extruded with 10%polystyrene at 7.5 kg/hr 3.0 29 pre-extruded with 10% polystyrene at 3.0kg/hr 3.2 30 pre-extruded with 10% polystyrene at 3.0 kg/hr 3.3 31 PPOpowder 4.6 32 PPO powder 3.8 33 PPO powder 3.8 34 PPO powder 3.8

All of the samples (27-30) made with the polyphenylene ether/polystyreneblend that was extruded once before compounding with additionalcomponents exhibited lower odor intensity than samples made directlyfrom polyphenylene ether powder even though steam stripping wasemployed.

While the invention has been described with reference to a preferredembodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art thatvarious changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted forelements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. Inaddition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situationor material to the teachings of the invention without departing fromessential scope thereof Therefore, it is intended that the invention notbe limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best modecontemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the inventionwill include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appendedclaims.

All cited patents, patent applications, and other references areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

1. A thermoplastic composition comprising a blend comprising: a firstthermoplastic, a second thermoplastic and an additive with a componentselected from the group consisting of a third thermoplastic, fireretardant additive, reinforcing agent, electrically conductive filler,non-electrically conductive filler, and combinations of two or more ofthe foregoing, wherein the first thermoplastic comprises poly(aryleneether), wherein the second thermoplastic and third thermoplastic areselected from the group consisting of poly(alkenyl aromatic) homopolymerresin, rubber modified poly(alkenyl aromatic) homopolymer resin,polyamide, polyolefin and combinations of two or more of the foregoing,wherein the composition comprises less than or equal to about 800 partsper million by weight butyraldehyde based on the total weight of thepoly(arylene ether), less than or equal to about 30 parts per million byweight trimethylanisole based on the total weight of the poly(aryleneether), less than or equal to about 100 parts per million by weighttoluene based on the total weight of the poly(arylene ether), or acombination thereof.
 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the secondand third thermoplastics are the same.
 3. The composition of claim 1,wherein the second and third thermoplastics are different.
 4. Thecomposition of claim 1, wherein the second and third thermoplasticscomprise rubber modified polystyrene.
 5. The composition of claim 1,wherein the concentrate further comprises an impact modifier.
 6. Thecomposition of claim 5, wherein the impact modifier is present in anamount of about 1 to about 10 weight percent based on the total weightof the concentrate.
 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the secondthermoplastic comprises a poly(alkenyl aromatic) resin and thepoly(alkenyl aromatic) resin is present in an amount of about 3 to about50 weight percent based on the total weight of the concentrate.
 8. Thecomposition of claim 1, wherein the second thermoplastic comprises apolyamide and the polyamide is present in an amount of about 5 to about50 weight percent based on the total weight of the concentrate.
 9. Thecomposition of claim 1, wherein the second thermoplastic comprises apolyolefin and the polyolefin is present in an amount of about 5 toabout 80 weight percent based on the total weight of the concentrate.10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the additive is present in anamount of about 1 to about 25 weight percent based on the total weightof the concentrate.
 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein theconcentrate comprises a combination of additives and the combination ofadditives is present in an amount of about 1 to about 25 weight percentbased on the total weight of the concentrate.
 12. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein the composition further comprises a blowing agent. 13.The composition of claim 1, wherein the additive is selected from thegroup consisting of coupling agents, antioxidants, mold release agents,UV absorbers, light stabilizers, heat stabilizers, lubricants,plasticizers, pigments, dyes, colorants, anti-static agents, nucleatingagents, anti-drip agents, acid scavengers, and combinations of two ormore of the foregoing.
 14. A thermoplastic composition comprising ablend comprising a poly(arylene ether), a second thermoplastic and anadditive with a component selected from the group consisting of a thirdthermoplastic, fire retardant additive, reinforcing agent, electricallyconductive filler, non-electrically conductive filler, and combinationsof two or more of the foregoing, wherein the second thermoplastic andthird thermoplastic are selected from the group consisting ofpolystyrene, rubber modified polystyrene and combinations thereof, andwherein the composition comprises less than or equal to about 800 partsper million by weight butyraldehyde, based on the total weight of thepoly(arylene ether), less than or equal to about 30 parts per million byweight trimethylanisole, based on the total weight of the poly(aryleneether), and less than or equal to about 100 parts per million by weighttoluene, based on the total weight of the poly(arylene ether).
 15. Amethod of making a thermoplastic composition comprising melt mixing aconcentrate comprising poly(arylene ether), a second thermoplastic andan additive with a component selected from the group consisting of athird thermoplastic, fire retardant additive, reinforcing agent,electrically conductive filler, non-electrically conductive filler, andcombinations of two or more of the foregoing, wherein the secondthermoplastic and third thermoplastic are selected from the groupconsisting of poly(alkenyl aromatic) homopolymer resin and rubbermodified poly(alkenyl aromatic) homopolymer resin and combinations oftwo or more of the foregoing, wherein the concentrate is solid prior tomelt mixing, wherein the concentrate comprises 50 to 99 weight percentpoly(arylene ether) based on the total weight of the concentrate, andwherein the composition comprises greater than or equal to 34 weightpercent poly(arylene ether), based on the total weight of thecomposition.
 16. A method of making a thermoplastic compositioncomprising melt mixing a concentrate comprising a poly(arylene ether), asecond thermoplastic and an additive with a component selected from thegroup consisting of a third thermoplastic, fire retardant additive,reinforcing agent, electrically conductive filler, non-electricallyconductive filler, and combinations of two or more of the foregoing,wherein the second thermoplastic and third thermoplastic are polyamide,wherein the concentrate is solid prior to melt mixing, wherein theconcentrate comprises 50 to 99 weight percent poly(arylene ether) basedon the total weight of the concentrate.